History of Japanese Art Essay -- Art History, Japan

All through numerous hundreds of years, craftsmanship has depicted an exceedingly prevailing job in Japanese culture. These types of fine art changed from everything from ceramics to earth puppets. By and large, most of Japanese workmanship was and still is viewed as of high significance in Japanese history. Be that as it may, the most fascinating and exceptional type of workmanship was the Isho-ningyo and Iki-ningyo dolls, also called the style doll and the â€Å"living doll†. Both the Isho-ningyo and the Iki-ningyo were just two of the abundant variety of dolls made by the well known Japanese craftsman, Goyo Hirata, as things of â€Å"luxurious indulgence.† The Kintaro doll of Isho-ningyo type or Iko-ningyo type delineates the noteworthy headways in Japanese doll workmanship since forever with the newly discovered advancements and creation ascribed in every period. Japanese workmanship has been polished since 4,000 BC, also called the Jomon time frame. The Jomon is especially known for making the principal types of Japanese ceramics. Despite the fact that the Jomon time frame was thought to deliver generally basic work of art, the individuals of the Jomon were additionally the first to show the advancement of Japanese dolls. Basically, this continuous advance towards this fortune type of craftsmanship was the Dogu, humanoid figures. Jomon period workmanship progressively progressed all through time with from the main making of straightforward stoneware, to capacity vessels, and in conclusion to Dogu. Primarily, the innovations utilized during this timeframe comprised of earth, while the piece likewise comprised of shortsighted plans, for example, looping. This Japanese timespan exhibits the genuine start of the tr... ...ecause of the general authentic foundation and fundamental aesthetic qualities. In spite of the fact that, the Isho-ningyo and the Iki-ningyo are not a piece of the current period, they despite everything show critical headways that will inevitably point the route towards advanced Japanese workmanship. These specific dolls show parts of cutting edge workmanship qualities as a result of their unpredictability in structure and by and large appearance. Every Japanese period contributes the means towards the characteristics that make up present day Japanese workmanship, however the specific craftsmanship of the Isho-ningyo and the Ikiâ ¬ningyo are the best donors. Works Cited Japanese Art. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, sixth Edition, (2011): 1-2. BALFOUR, R, and S BALFOUR. Japanese Dolls. Arts of Asia, 6.4 (1976): 67-74. Rimer, J. Thomas. High Culture in the Showa Period. Daedalus, 119.3 (1990): 265- 278.

Black Bear Management Plan essays

Mountain Bear Management Plan papers Presentation: The creature we are inquiring about is the Black Bear. We will likely make an administration arrangement. This arrangement will enable the Black Bear to flourish, and keep them from human contact. The Black bear is significant monetarily in view of their hides. Naturally they are a piece of the environment and keep things adjusted. Writing Review Of Species Life History: The Black Bear can live around 25 years. They are omnivorous. A large portion of their eating routine is delicate and hard pole, creepy crawlies, creature matter, and plants. Their living space must incorporate many tree and bush species. Additionally, thick bushes, bogs, coves, and little contact with people. Wild Bears are found in the vast majority of Canada, south toward the west coast through northern California, the Rocky Mountains to Mexico and the east coast. Females need 6-19 square miles of room and guys need 18-160 square miles. Writing Review Of Management Techniques : Some things to improve the Black bears living space are giving enormous scopes of develop backwoods and securing streamside zones. Keep away from broad clearcutting and limit collecting to a modest quantity. Sparing bog territories is likewise a decent method to spare this creature. These are only a couple of thoughts. Depiction Of the Management Area: This zone we have anticipated the bear has a blend of various trees and bushes. It additionally has lakes which bears likewise like. A few plants they eat are: dogwood, blackgum, sassafras, dark cherry, holly, dark, blue, and pokeberry. These are all here. Steps Of the Management Plan: Some things we could do to help improve this condition is to plant more trees and bushes. This gives them more food and spread. Leaving the land around this zone lacking will help since people won't be near. Outline and Conclusion: This arrangement will give the bear what is needs to endure: food, water, and haven. This will ideally cause the quantity of bears to develop in tha ... <!

How is Your Credit Score Doing - by Your Mother

“How is Your Credit Score Doing” - by Your Mother “How is Your Credit Score Doing?”  by Your Mother “How is Your Credit Score Doing?”  by Your MotherAre you taking care of your credit score? And remember, Im your mother, so I can always tell when youre lying.Hello bubbele! I wanted to call just to make sure your phone was working. I figured there must have been something wrong with it, since you haven’t called me in weeks, but apparently it’s working just fine. How odd.Anyway, I just wanted to see how your credit is doing. You know you have to pay attention to it, right? It’s not something you can only think about every other month or so, like your dear loving mother. If youre not careful you can end up with payday loans as your only optionâ€"and that would break your fathers heart, you know.Have you been eating well? I saw you were looking a little chubby the last time you came to visit, which was almost a year ago, you know. If you’ve been eating out too much, that could lead to increased credit card debt and that isn’t great for your credit score. Instead, you shou ld consider meal planning. I read about it in the Oprah magazine. You take a few hours on the weekend to prepare a bunch of food, then you’re all set for the week.You’ve also been paying your bills on time, right? Remember, your father and I are willing to help you out if you need it. We’d rather help you out now so you don’t go into debt and ruin your credit score. Then you’ll be better prepared to care for us when we’re old!  Which isn’t that long away, you know! You have an extra room at your home, right? Wouldn’t that be so much nicer than us living in a home or on the streets relying on title loans and cash advances to get by? But if youre too busy for us to live with you someday, wed understand. We only raised you after all, but we wouldnt want to  inconvenience  you.You should also be building an emergency fund. Do you remember that time your father and I were in the Pocono Mountains and I told him to be careful because there was no mat on the floor of the sh ower in the cabin and he said it was fine because we didn’t have a mat for the first 20 years we were living in the house but I pointed out that we aren’t the young spring chicks we used to be and it turned out I was right because he fell and we had to go to the emergency room with that nice lady doctor who I thought was the nurse?Ive never told you this but we didnt have an emergency fund! Can you believe it? We had to take out a personal loan just to make ends meet! It was a very nice installment loan with manageable payments and a reasonable interest rate but taking out all that extra debt certainly had a  negative effect on our credit score. Please learn from our mistakes!Oh, and don’t forget to check your credit score at least once a year at www.AnnualCreditReport.com. It’s almost as important as washing behind your ears.You are washing behind your ears, right?Also be sure to use your credit card. But not too much! Try to never spend more than 30 percent of your balance and pay it off in full each month.  You can mark the date each month on one of the calendars we got you. You know the ones right? We sent them to you for your birthday. We weren’t sure which one you would like, so we sent you a Snoopy one, a Ziggy one, and a different Ziggy one. Which one did you end up using?Honestly, though you need to be careful with those credit cards. Spend too much on your cards and the only loans youll be able to qualify for will be bad credit loans or, even worse, no credit check loans! Can you imagine how mortifying that would be for us? What if you took out too many online loans and then you declared bankruptcy and then you had to move back in with your dad and me!  What would we tell the neighbors?! Wed have to move. There would be no facing them!OK, I should be going. I have bridge with the other women from the synagogue. You know Helen’s daughter Sarah has an over 800 credit score? You should meet with her. She has her own company and maybe she has something for you. Do you want me to set up a meeting?Well, tell me if you change your mind and if you need some money. Keep keeping that credit score healthy!If you enjoyed this post, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:“Couldn’t We Call Them Loan Lions? Or Loan Vipers?” by a Shark“As a Payday Lender, I Think Payday Loans Are Great” by a Guy in a Top Hat and Monocle01010100 01110011 by The Supercomputer That Has Taken Over OppLoansWhat other questions do you have about credit scores?  We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsYour Mother doesnt mean to bother you too much. She only wants whats best for you. And also, are you considering having children soon? She doesnt want to rush you, but she saw some baby clothes that looked so cute and were on sale, so she bought them and wants to know if that makes you more likely to have a kid soon.

Gold Corporation Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3216 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Executive Summary As the gold industry leader, Barrick Gold Corporation has the largest production of gold (7.7 million ounces recorded in 2008) obtained from its portfolio of 26 mines, allowing investors incredible leverage to higher gold prices. Barrick wishes to provide sustainable economic development centered around environmental stewardship, as well as a culture of safety superior to those of competitors. An accounting policy examined in this project is the pension benefit plan employed by Barrick Gold, and how it is accounted for using industry trends, practices and the economic situation in order to determine the plan cost and the obligations requiring accruement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gold Corporation Example For Free" essay for you Create order While the assets of the plan are recorded at fair value, Barrick uses the analysis of actuaries to determine the losses and gains influenced by the plan. Another accounting policy which will be discussed is the method Barrick utilized to determine its goodwill, as well as its intangible assets. By using a combination of the market-based and cash flow (discounted) approach, Barrick is able to establish the goodwill, as well as the value of the intangible assets. While impairment is correctly recognized when the market value of the assets is higher than the fair value, both the intangible assets and goodwill are assessed every year to determine whether impairment is necessary. Barricks capitalization vs. expense policy considers three different costs; exploration costs, project expense, and environmental cost. In regards to exploration costs, they examine two different types of sites. Brownfield sites contain mineral reserves whereas Greenfield sites do not. The exploratory costs that they incur at Brownfield sites are capitalized and costs related to Greenfield are expensed. Their second expense, the project costs, is usually capitalized when mineralization of proven and probable reserves has occurred. Finally, the environmental costs are usually expensed as incurred. During the third quarter of 2008, Barrick Gold confirmed their conversion to IFRS in the future. As outlined in the annual report, Barrick has approached the conversion and considered the things that would be affected by IFRS like reporting of financial statements, internal controls and procedures, information technology and data systems, disclosure, financial reporting training curriculum, and downstream business activities. After considering the impact of IFRS, they have taken a few steps to get ready for the IFRS conversion such as completing an initial assessment of the merits of a potential conversion to IFRS. They also employed an IFRS team to deal with all the issues, and performed a technical analysis of the accounting differences between GAAP and IFRS statements. With regards to performance, Barricks liquidity ratios are decreasing due to the allocation of capital towards investing activities. In terms of solvency, debt-to-equity has been stable, allowing their liabilities to remain steady with investments being financed mainly with equity. However, some of Barricks ratios are below the average for the industry, potentially indicating poor financial performance. In addition, Barrick has seen a decrease in net income and earnings per share yet the companys dividends are increasing due to positive future expectations. Introduction Barrick Gold Corporation was founded in 1983 by Peter Munk. Its headquarters are in Toronto, Canada with regional business units located in North America, South America, Africa, and Australia. It is the largest company in the industry with 27 mines worldwide and 139 million ounces of proven and probable of gold reserves. It became the largest gold producer after acquiring Placer Dome in 2006. This report will discuss the overall gold industry, Barricks strategies in the near future, some of their accounting policies, transition to IFRS, performance, and financial analysis. Industry Business Strategy Barrick Gold is one of the three major players in the industry with accumulated 2008 sales of $7.9 billion, 16,300 employees, and a market cap of $45 billion. Other main players in the industry include Goldcorp and Newmont Mining, with market caps of $33 billion and $27 billion respectively. Additionally, there are several other mining companies such as Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd., Yamana Gold Inc., Randgold Resources Ltd., and Harmony Gold Mining Company Ltd., with market caps ranging from $2.4 $12 billion. Most of the gold producing companies have seen increasing profits since 2001 due to rapidly rising gold prices. In 2001, one ounce of gold cost $271 compared to todays $1,100/ounce price. However, there is a possibility that these profits will not be sustained by most companies for five reasons: Rising labour cost, energy cost, raw material cost, depletion of the worlds natural gold reserves, and loss of operations due to environmental restrictions. In addition, gold is a non-r enewable resource meaning that as more gold is explored and mined out of the ground, it becomes harder to find. The increased use of technology has greatly simplified the process of exploring gold, contributing to greater quantities of mined gold. However, the extraction of millions of ounces of gold has decreased the earths natural gold deposits. This forced companies to search for gold in areas where mining is prohibited, thus raising environmental and political issues along with several outstanding lawsuits. This further increased the operational expense of gold mining. In fact, Newmont Mining Corporation (second largest gold mining company) is depleting its current reserves by 10 ounces per minute without discovering gold deposits as large as it used to. Due to increasing operating costs and companies desperate attempts to increase profits, there was marginal expenditure on environment preservation resulting in colossal damages. Tons of heavy metals such as cyanide and mercur y are deposited into the environment annually as a result of spills during the mining process. Cyanide and Mercury increase gold production rates, but both of them are incredibly poisonous to humans, animals, and the overall surroundings. Accounting Policies Pension Benefit Plan for Employees Since 2008, the value for the employee pension plan provided by Barrick Gold has seen a decrease due to the lower value of the assets. These pension assets appear to be valued at their fair value, and when pricing is not possible, market estimations are used. Furthermore, support from actuaries is used in order to determine both the losses and gains, which would be influenced due to the pension. Barrick Gold takes into consideration the economic situation, as well as industry trends and practices, when establishing suppositions for the cost of the reported pension, as well as the obligations, which will need to be accrued. These suppositions include the rate of return (long-term), compensation increases in the future (rate) and estimates of the market, all of which are consulted to uncover the pension cost. Both the assets of the pension plan and the accrued obligations would be regulated if the future presented a discrepancy in costs as compared to Barricks initial estimations. In order to establish the accrued obligation, the discount rate needs to be known, and is actually set annually by utilizing the present value to uncover the contribution needed in the present in order to be able to deliver the outlined future benefits. Competitors, such as Goldcorp, and Newmont mining, have taken similar action to accrue their respective obligations listed as benefit plan for employees. These companies also use discount rates, as well as estimations of the performance of the investment, in order to determine the cost of the pension. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Barrick Gold appears to use industry-specific methods in order to valuate its goodwill. It used both the market based and the discounted cash flow method (DCF) in order to establish the fair value. Market estimations and trading prices (equity) for both Canadian and American companies in the same industry are consulted for the market based method. While the cash flow approach utilizes Barricks best estimation of its assets expected future cash flow, as well as its discount rate. Furthermore, both goodwill and intangible assets are assessed every year to determine impairment. Barrick has stated that due to the decline of the reserves of gold in one of its mines (Plutonic gold mine in Australia), there is an increased chance that there will be a goodwill impairment. This impairment would only occur if there was a persistent decrease of the economic factors influencing the mine, however Barrick has already began to assess the carrying amount of goodwill associated with Plutonic for future impairment if necessary. Both goodwill and intangible asset impairment is recorded when it is found that the carrying sum (amount) exceeds the fair value (net realizable value) of the asset. Other competitors, such as Goldcorp Inc. and Newmont Mining, utilize the same approach since it has now been considered a standard for this industry. The future implementation of IFRS will provide new recommendations on how Barrick Gold should assess their goodwill and intangible assets. Barrick has begun preparing for new rules such as identifying when an intangible asset should be recorded as expenditures (and how they qualify). Capitalization vs. Expensing The final accounting policy discussed is the decision process defined by Barrick Gold to establish whether to capitalize or expense their assets. Expenses such as project expenditures, environment costs and exploration expenses are all examined in detail. Exploration expenditures involve recording the initial search for the mineral deposits and any other costs that were incurred at the sites. There are two different types of sites that are defined by Barrick Gold: Brownfield (containing mineral reserves) and Greenfield (no mineral reserves). Costs related to the exploration of the Greenfield site are expensed as incurred. Exploratory costs related to Brownfield sites are capitalized as incurred if there is a high probability that the mineral resource will develop into a proven and probable reserve. In terms of project expenses, costs related to projects are capitalized only when reserves are converted into mineral substance but they have to be proven and probable reserves. Befor e mineralization is classified as such, the projects are expensed, excluding the costs that are incurred in order to construct tangible asset. Capitalized costs related to tangible assets are accounted for in the account, Property Plant and Equipment. Furthermore, Barrick Gold expenses costs related to the environment during their production phase of mining. In certain cases, if the cost to acquire or install a plant during the production phase prevents future environmental contamination, it is actually capitalized. When a contingent loss occurs due to an asset, a loss accrual is recorded if it is reasonably estimable and updated when new information is received. Competitors in the same field, such as Goldcorp Inc. and Newmont Mining Corporation, state that their exploration costs are always expensed as incurred. However, they do not provide detail as to why it is expensed or whether capitalization should be a consideration. IFRS Conversion Starting from January 1, 2011, all public companies in Canada are required to report in accordance with IFRS instead of GAAP. In early 2008, Barrick Gold performed a preliminary analysis on the impact of IFRS, and later confirmed its conversion. In 2011, Barrick will prepare its financial statements using IFRS, which will improve the comparability of their financial statements with other companies that are also following the standard. These new reporting standards will affect many areas of the company, such as reported figures for financial position and performance, internal controls, procedures for financial reporting, information technology and data systems, disclosure controls and procedures, financial reporting training curriculum, and other business activities that depend on reported figures. Barrick Gold has created an IFRS team which has taken a few initiatives to address the issues pertaining to IFRS and to ensure a smooth conversion process. This team is going to be res ponsible for preparing a detailed plan for IFRS conversion and are planning on completing this plan by the end of first quarter of 2009. Another project undertaken by the team is to perform a technical analysis of the accounting differences between the GAAP and IFRS statements. This report is scheduled to be completed by the third quarter of 2009. Additionally, the IFRS team will be constantly monitoring the IFRS conversion process over the years and will update the conversion plan as well as inform the public of any new developments. Performance Financial Analysis Significant financial strength is one reason why Barrick Gold is considered an industry leader in the gold and rare metal industry. In the following section, we will scrutinize their financial statements and discuss key elements such as liquidity, solvency, and leverage to understand their performance trends. (See Appendix A for Financial Statements Appendix B for Financial Ratios) Liquidity The liquidity of the company has marginally deteriorated over the years. The current ratio (2.23, 3.32 and 2.59 in 2008, 2007, and 2006 respectively) and quick ratio (1.49, 2.42 and 2.07 in 2008, 2007 and 2006 respectively) are both decreasing indicating that the company is losing its ability to meet its short term obligations. This is the result of decreasing current assets (loss of cash and highly liquid cash equivalents) and increasing current liabilities (mainly notes payable and accounts payable). Although this may seem worrying, Barrick seems to be allocating lots of capital (generated through day-to-day operations as reflected in increasing cash from operations (CFO)) towards its investing expenditures. Examples of heavy investing includes the initiation and construction of three new mines (Buzwagi, Cortez Hills, Pueblo Viejo) with potential gold reserves of 3 million ounces a year. Aside from that, CFO is influenced by market prices for commodities such as copper and silver (by-products of gold mining). If their prices decrease, CFO will reduce which Barrick hopes to offset by increasing gold production. Solvency Leverage With regards to their solvency and the ability to meet long term obligations, Barrick has been relatively stable as indicated through their debt-to-equity ratios (0.51 in 2006, 0.44 in 2007, and 0.58 in 2008). This is a good sign because, at a time when both short and long term investments are increasing, Barrick has managed to retain their liabilities to reasonable levels. This is also a further reinforcement of their strategy of pumping as much cash (mainly from income and equity) for their investments. Interest coverage is another interesting point to consider. According to the financial statements, the interest coverage ratio has increased drastically in 2009 (15.71, 13.92, and 66.48 in 2006, 2007, and 2008 respectively). This hike would be reflective of their improved ability to pay interest (the cost of borrowing), but the actual interest incurred has remained quite stable over the years (Annual Report, p.52). The main difference is that Barrick has increased the proportion o f interest costs that it capitalizes within their property, plant, and equipment (PPE). Barrick also uses its gold inventory and mines as a form of leverage. Due to the current financial turmoil, gold prices are at record highs as investors demand more gold (a safe haven) to hedge against capital losses. The increasing cash flows and inventory values presented Barrick with an exceptional chance to attract investors as well as issue debt to support the creation of mines to increase their gold production. Barrick thus promised high returns to their investors through expectations of rising gold prices to mitigate any potential risks. Performance Evaluation We can look for several different financial ratios to evaluate their overall performance. Barricks earnings per share (EPS) have been decreasing over the last three years (1.79, 1.29, and 0.90 in 2006, 2007, and 2008 respectively). This is the result of a sharp decrease in net income due to the financial crisis, coupled with the issuance of more shares in 2009. That being said, Barricks basic and diluted EPS are fairly similar ensuring a very low risk of dilution because there are not a lot of dilutive hybrid securities that could be exercised. Another effect of decreased net income is the decline in the profit margins. However, Barricks gross margin has been quite consistent at the 0.5 mark. This tells us that although revenue is steadily increasing, the direct unit costs for generating that revenue have been increasing proportionally to a level where cost of sales (value of mined gold) is half the revenue. The reason for seeing diminishing profit margin with a consistent gross ma rgin is the increase in write-downs and impairment of assets and investments, along with higher development expenses and amortization. Efficiency is another measure of performance evaluation. Barricks efficiency in using its equity to generate income has been declining since it has generated about $0.17 of income for every dollar of equity in 2006 versus on $0.05 in 2008. Their assets capability for generating revenue has also decreased from 0.11 in 2006 to 0.03 in 2008. The reason for such low returns on equity and asset is the inherent nature of the mining industry which requires the expenditure of large amounts of capital to finance expansion (which it is doing now for the three new mines). This is essentially decreasing returns in the present with the expectation of seeing increases in the future. As far as dividends are concerned, Barrick is considered a safe bet because of the increasing demand for gold, along with potential rise of its future gold reserves. The positive trend is emphasized through the increases in the dividend pay-out ratio; 0.13, 0.23, and 0.44 in 2006, 2007, and 2008 indicating higher proportions of net income paid to shareholders. Despite the economic downturn and decreasing net income, Barrick still managed to increase the dividends per share every year (11Â ¢ in 2006, 15Â ¢ in 2007, 20Â ¢ in 2008, and 40Â ¢ in 2009) due to its immensely positive future outlook. This also portrays the companys confidence in their cash flow, because although cash balance is decreasing today, the main reason is the outflow towards capital investments. Industry Comparison In comparison to the industry, Barrick has the only A rated balance sheet illustrating very low risk, along with stability as a result of having the largest market capital, gold reserves and production. All companies in this industry have seen decreasing levels of cash due to large increases in capital expenditure. In addition, the current ratio has decreased over the past few years for all three companies indicating a trend of poorer liquidity in the industry. However, companies seem to be different with regards to their solvency and leverage. For example, Goldcorp has seen decreasing levels of debt to equity while Newmonts have almost doubled since 2005. Despite variable trends, most gold companies are consistently providing stable dividends as they still continue to see net income on their statements rather than net losses, despite the deep financial crisis. Goldcorp, especially, have seen their income increase by as much as $1 billion in 2009. Conclusion Overall, Barrick Gold is a relatively stable and reliable company. Their business strategies and global focus contributed to their expansion over the years. Just like many of its competitors, Barricks debt has grown over the past few years but it is still considered a safe company for investors with reasonable risk. Furthermore, IFRS conversion will significantly impact the company as the entire reporting process of financial statements along with internal control procedures and information system will all change. This analysis has revealed that Barrick Gold seems to have a successful combination of policies and strategies, therefore making them far more superior than its competitors. Bibliography Sedar (2009) Barrick Gold Corporation Database. November 19, 2009. https://www.sedar.com/DisplayCompanyDocuments.do?lang=ENissuerNo=00000923 Business Week (October 13, 2009) Marcial: The gleam in Barrick Gold. November 21, 2009. https://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/oct2009/pi20091013_849577.htm Barrick Gold Corporation (2009) Annual and Quarterly Reports. November 19, 2009. https://www.barrick.com/Investors/AnnualQuarterlyReports/default.aspx Canadian Business (October 29, 2009) Barrick Gold posts US $5.4 Billion net loss on windup of gold hedging program. November 19, 2009. https://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/market_news/article.jsp?content=b291772219 Google Finance (2009) Barrick Gold Corp. November 19, 2009. https://www.google.ca/finance?q=abx Corporate Information (2009) Barrick Gold Corporation Company Snapshot. November 20, 2009. https://www.corporateinformation.com/Company-Snapshot.aspx?cusip=C124BA230 Wiki Invest (2009) Barrick Gold Corp. November 21, 2009. https://www.wikinvest.com/special/Companies

Critical Commentary On Freud s The Dream Work

Critical Commentary From Sigmund Freud’s The Dream-work, in Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis The main focus of Freud’s essay centres on the idea that there are two forms the dream can take, the manifest dream, and the latent dream. The process by which the latent dream transforms into the manifest dream is called the ‘dream-work’, and the opposite is the individual’s ‘work of interpretation’. He explains that the ‘dream-work’ consists of four main elements that allow the individual to form an understanding of the dream itself, and reveal the meaning. The first process of ‘condensation’ can be described as an ‘abbreviated translation’ of the latent dream, into the manifest dream, which will always have a much smaller content, thus making the dream more obscure, as various latent dream-thoughts, can be condensed into one manifest dream. Freud then describes ‘displacement’ as the process that replaces a latent element of a dream with something more remote, an allusion. Thus, this explain s how the dream-work can turn unacceptable material into material more acceptable through the unconscious, by creating an allusion of the latent dream. The third process that Freud suggests that dreams follow, serves as a messenger, as it is the process the unconscious follows in order to present ideas to the conscious. This process is ‘representation’, otherwise known as ‘figurability’, which transforms thoughts into visual elements. The fourth and final process is known as ‘secondaryShow MoreRelated Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagescontrol it. The simultaneity of mutually exclusive emotional states, and the discomfort it might cause, inspires a Freudian analytic critical approach because of its focus on controlling repressed desires through therapeutic rationality. There are volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of art criticism does Freuds name appear more frequently than in Read More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 Pagesletters than of numbers and ultimately broke out of the engineering/law mold and devoted himself to the written word. Stevenson was first published in 1876, in his mid-twenties, as his essays began to appear in Cornhill Magazine (Columbia). His work was first published in book form in 1878 when the travel story An Inland Voyage was made available to English readers. After his marriage in 1880 to Frances Osbourne (known to him as Fanny), Stevenson’s popularity grew with the publication of TreasureRead MoreClose Reading2901 Words   |  12 Pageslife. [4]â€Å" the singing, the summer tree, their garden, the move to another house’ Paulin (1975). The idea of bringing a picture to life is an example of what Sigmund Freud in his essay The Uncanny (1919), would call an uncanny effect [5]â€Å" it is in the highest degree uncanny when inanimate objects—a picture†¦come to life† Freud (1997) Another effect is the double, Hardy does not use past tense, instead we are given paradoxically two presents. As we cannot have two presents, we separate the pastRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagescultural and critical theory library Open source archive of ebooks, texts, videos, documentary films and podcasts Pages * Home * List of major critical theorists * What is Critical theory ? * What is Frankfurt School ? * Support Critical Theory Library * Contact This Blog This Blog  Ã‚  Ã‚   |    | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form    Home  » texts  » History amp; Class Consciousness: Preface by Georg Lukà ¡cs (1923) Thursday, February 3, 2011Read MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pages(Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMIND (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 3) QUESTION AND ANSWER: Graded Aural/Oral Exercises READING AND WRITING ENGLISH-A First Year Programme for Children LOOK, LISTEN AND LEARNl Sets 1-4Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this

My Favourite Book Free Essays

For years, teachers and parents have been worried about comics, the cinema, television, and now the Internet. They all stop children reading, they say. However, it now seems that children are reading more than ever. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favourite Book or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reading habits have changed, because there is now lots of competition from other media, but I think that reading is still popular. The reading is very important for me because book is cognitive. When I read a book I recognize something interesting, I get to know new hero and heroine. I like to read classical literature. It is my dream to become a student of the department of foreign languages and to be able to read the books by my favourite English and American writers in origin. What is my favourite book? This question is very interesting for me. Nowadays there are many different genres of literatures. And it is very difficult to chouse one of them. I read many different books. So in every book I always find thing, which I like very much. I like to read William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Robert Burns, Oscar Wilde, Jerome K. Jerome, Charlotte Bronte, Mark Twain, Jack London, Conan Doyle, James Aldridge, Jules Verne, Lewis Carroll, etc. I want to tell you about the book, which I like very much. This book is â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. The author of the book â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in Atlanta in 1900. All the family were interested in American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War and of stories of staggering events of recent epoch, because her father was a chairman of local historical society. War is one of the biggest misfortunes in the life of people. Now let’s revise some historic facts. Civil War began as the result of economy fight between northern and southern states. Northern states had preponderance – about 20 million of people against of 10 million of people and powerful industrial potential. But southern states had more talented generals and centered direction. After graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked a little time for the Atlanta Journal. She wrote articles and stories for this journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on paper all the stories she had heard about Civil War. The result was â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. It was first published in 1936. In 1939 it was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is the story about Civil War. Margaret Mitchell tells about life of people at the time of this war and about all burdens, which people outlived these years. In the text we can find the description of soldiers’ live. There we can read how cried mothers and wives then they dispatched their children and husbands on the War. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves the quiet gentleman Ashley Wilkes, the wild and decidedly ungentlemanly Rhett Butler is in love with her. Ashley married Melanie Hamilton. After many adventures of her own, Scarlett married Rhett – but only for money. The marriage is stormly. That is why eventually Rhett walks out on her, but by the time Scarlett has realized that she loves him after all. Scarlett thinks of some way of getting him back, but we never know if she does because Margaret Mitchell died in 1949 in a car crash. After reading this production I find that it is very expressive and logical because Margaret Mitchell was a good narrator of real life’s stories. It is evidently because she dedicated lots of theme of her tales for real life. Style of this story is particular, spontaneous, and slightly natural. I can say that author tried to comment the actions of personages, and conveyed the senses. I find out that Margaret Mitchell had a good style of the true and delicate sense when she is telling about her heroes. I consider that her mix of fantasy and truth is excellent and unforgettable. I think that there is a splendid style of small drams of our life and society. Simplicity, precision and clarity are the main qualities of her style. The main heroine is Scarlett. This is a person with powerful and pointed mind and furious thirst of life. This is a person who Ã' Ã ¾uld menage all the problems came across successfully. She was able to stand up for herself; she found a way out of unpredictable situation. It she could make much, she has proved to herself, that she can all. Being selfish on her character, she had an indestructible carriage, which was specific feature of her background. After death of mother, on her hands there was all house and members of her family. She took care of her relatives even she had to starve. The only object which helped her to survive was her Tara, her native land. Tara was a fortress where she could not think of anything. When she stumbled into difficult situations, she recollected Tara. She saw the white house which is affably appeared through reddish autumn foliage. She felt silence of rural twilight. She remembered this shrill red ground, and gloomy dark beauty of pines on the hills. Memories of this landscape avoided her from dismal inner thought. In conclusion I would strongly recommend everybody to read this book. Such books as Margaret Mitchell’s â€Å"Gone with the Wind† can be the first step for everybody to get a good hobby of reading. How to cite My Favourite Book, Essay examples My Favourite Book Free Essays Komande amx_cvar sv_restart â€Å"time† – restart top15 (samo smije head admin ovo da korsti) amx_map â€Å"mapa † – changelevel amx_votemap â€Å"mapa1† â€Å"mapa2† – vote za mapu amx_slap â€Å"nick† â€Å"dmg† – slap igraca amx_slay â€Å"nick† – slay igraca amx_kick â€Å"nick† – kickas igraca amx_banip â€Å"nick† – banujes igraca amx_csay â€Å"color† pises slovima na sredini amx_tsay â€Å"color† lijeva strana amx_psay â€Å"nick† poruka playeru ======= immunity (can’t be affected by other admins) 1   ========;;;;;;; reservation (has a reserved slot) 1   amx_ban [minutes] [authid or ip] [reason] 1 amx_banid [minutes] [name or #userid] [reason] 1ok mx_banip [minutes] [name or #userid] [reason] 1 amx_banmenu – displays ban menu 1 amx_unban [authid or ip] 1 ========;;;;;;; Free email address at gunaholics. com 1 2   amx_kick [na me or #userid] [reason] 1 2 amx_kickmenu – displays kick menu 1 2 amx_leave [tag] [tag] [tag] [tag] 1 2 amx_slap [name or #userid] [power] 1 2 amx_slapmenu – displays slap/slay menu 1 2 amx_slay [name or #userid] 1 2 amx_map [mapname] 1 2 amx_mapmenu – displays changelevel menu 1 2 amx_votemapmenu – displays votemap menu 1 2 amx_armor amx_armor [ part of nickname ] [ amount ] 1 2 amx_clcmdmenu – displays client cmds menu 1 2 mx_glow [authid, nick, @team or #userid] [alpha] 1 2 amx_godmode [authid, nick, @team or #userid] [0=OFF 1=ON] 1 2   amx_gravity [ gravity ] 1 2 amx_heal [authid, nick, @team or #userid] [life to give] 1 2   amx_money [@team, #userid, or name(can be partial)] [amount] 1 2   amx_teammenu – displays team menu 1 2 amx_teleport [authid, nick, @team or #userid] [y] [z] 1 2 amx_userorigin [authid, nick, or #userid] 1 2 amx_weapon amx_weapon [ part of nick ] or [ @ team ] or [ # index ] [ weapon to give ] 1 2   amx_bury [authid, nick, @team or #userid] 1 2 amx_uberslap [authid, nick or #userid] 1 2 amx_unbury [authid, nick, @team or #userid] 1 2 mx_disarm [authid, nick, @team or #userid] 1 2 amx_fire [authid, nick or #userid] 1 2 amx_rocket [authid, nick, @team or #userid] 1 2 amx_slay2 [authid, nick, @team or #userid] [1-lightning|2-blood|3-explode] 1 2 amx_chat [message] – sends message to admins 1 2 3 amx_csay [color] [message] – sends center hud message to all players 1 2 3   amx_psay [name or #userid] [message] – sends private message 1 2 3   amx_tsay [color] [message] – sends left side hud message to all players 1 2 3   say @[@|@|@][w|r|g|b|y|m|c][text] – displays hud message 1 2 3   amx_say [message] – sends message to all players 1 2 3 mx_vote [question] [answer#1] [answer#2] 1 2 3 amx_voteban [name or #userid] 1 2 3 amx_votekick [name or #userid] 1 2 3 amx_votemap [map] [map] [map] [map] 1 2 3 amx_cancelvote – cancels last vote 1 2 3 say /hp – displays info. about your killer everyone say /rank – displays your server stats everyone say /stats – displays others stats everyone say /statsme – displays your stats everyone say /top15 – displays top 15 players everyone say nextmap – displays nextmap everyone say thetime – displays current time everyone say timeleft – displays timeleft everyone ay_team @[text] – displays message to admins everyone amx_who – displays who is on server everyone amx_help – displays this hel amx_cvar sv_password † amx_cvar sv_restart † 1 † amx_cvar mp_freezetime † 6 † amx_cvar mp_friendlyfire † 1 † amx_cvar mp_autokick † 0 † amx_cvar mp_tkpunish † 0 † amx_teammenu † † amx_kick † nick † amx_ban â€Å"nick† 9999 amx_banip â€Å"nick† â€Å"da† permamently amx_leave all â€Å"kick† citav server amx_n ick â€Å"nick â€Å"new nick amx_cvar mp_buytime 0. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favourite Book or any similar topic only for you Order Now 15 amx_cvar mp_startmoney 800-16000 amx_cvar mp_roundtime 1. 75 amx_cvar sv_minupdaterate 25 za lag How to cite My Favourite Book, Papers My favourite book Free Essays These picturesque geographical feature’s boundaries delineat a low lying plain of about 47,570 sq. km. criss-crossed by innumerable brooks, rivulets and streams and rivers like the Padma[Ganges],the Megna,the Karnaphuli. We will write a custom essay sample on My favourite book or any similar topic only for you Order Now Description : Physiography is the science which treats the Earth’s exterior physical features, climate, life and the physical movements or changes on the Earth’s surface, such as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture,magnetism, i. e. physical geography. Sunderban is the most preciouse and wealthy area tor Bangladesn. nerban suituated in Khulna Division and it’s gives protection to Bangladesh from outside enemies. There lives lot of different kinds of animals and these animals make our Sunderban beautiful and welthy. Mammals are a clade of endothermic amniotes. Among the features that distinguish them from the other amniotes, the reptiles and the birds, are hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands infemales, and a neocortex (a region of the brain). The mammalian brain regulates body temperature and the circulatory system, including the four- chambered heart. The mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorqual whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, some primates and some cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in the trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta which feeds the offspring during pregnancy. Mammals range in size from the 30-40 mm (1. 2-1. 6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale. Birds (class Aves or clade Avialae) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, and inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2. 75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fossil record indicates that birds emerged within theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period, around 150 million years ago. Birds are the only members of the clade originating with the earliest dinosaurs to have urvived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Modern birds are characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. All living species of birds have wings; the most recent species without wings was the moa, which is generally considered to have become extinct in the 16th century. Wings are evolved forelimbs, and most bird species can fly. Flightless birds include ratites, penguins, and a number of diverse endemic island species. Some pecies of birds, particularly penguins and members of the Anatidae family, are adapted to swim. Birds also have unique digestive and respiratory systems that are highly adapted for flight. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animal species; a number of bird species have been observed manufacturing and using tools, and many social species exhibit cultural transmission of knowledge across generations. Some marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs, rarely ventured onto land and gave birth in the water. Others, such as sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles, eturn to shore to lay their eggs. Some marine reptiles also occasionally rest and bask on land. Tigers in Bangladesh are now relegated to the forests of the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Chittagong forest is contiguous with tiger habitat in India and Myanmar, but the tiger population is ot unknown status. In another study, home ranges of adult female tigers were recorded comprising between 12 and 14 km2 (4. 6 and 5. 4 sq mi). , which would indicate an approximate carrying capacity of 150 adult females. The small home range of adult female tigers (and consequent high density f tigers) in this habitat type relative to other areas may be related to both the high density of prey and the small size of the Sundarbans tigers. Present Condition Of Bangladesh : In present time Bangladesh environmental situation is in big risk. Lot of disaster were happened in past and present time also running. our animals are also in big risk due to people are destroying trees and lands for making dewellings and mutistoried commercial complexes. For these reasons our animals are losing their foods and living places for survive. How Can We Protect Our Wild Life : To save our wild life we have to take lot of steps to and to take care of them and we have to deocrate our environment to make survival of our wilf life. How to cite My favourite book, Papers

Organisational Development Interventions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify whether the problems in the organisation are primarily cultural, technological or structural (or some blend of these factors). Please justify your analysis with reference to the case?2.Identified and explain how organisational development could improve efficiency and effectiveness in the organisation? Answers: Introduction: Employees are the working force of any organisations. The reputation, productivity and profit of an organisation depend on employment relationship. Often it has been seen that an organisation faces various kinds of troubles due to lack of communication between the employees and managers. An organisation generally comprises of three categories of employees, firstly the people who develop plans, next the people who execute the plans and finally the people who investigate the effects of the plans. Communication between each level of employees and sharing the problems and feedbacks with the authorities help an organisation to maintain the stability in employment relations. The following case study contains various problems in Tims organisation, which have been developed majorly due to lack of communication between the employees categorized on their roles. Many employees have suppressed many issues only due to the fear of losing job (Anderson, 2017). The purpose of the discussion is to find out and analyse the major problems in Tims organisation from experts view point and to verify the justification of the solutions that are provided within the case study. Identification of Problems: The major problem in Tims organisation is communication between various departments. Working departments of Tims organisation can be classified into three groups like assessors, crew and inspectors respectively. There are many issues lie within the organisation that elevates the difference among the teams. Departments only communicate with each other when they have severe issues or major complaints again the other departments (Bansal, 2015). An incident had occurred within the organisation when a crew leader had a loud conversation with an assessor telling him that he or she was not doing the job appropriately. Problems are highlighted that crew is not trusted to take circumstantial or emergency decisions during the work (Anderson, 2017). Another general problem is that any decision that has been taken by the authority does not contain the proper follow-through by the authority and each of the departments. Main factors those are associated with the problems of the crew are appreciati on, respect and trust. Crew members felt that they have not been treated with appropriate respect within the organisation and their works have not been appreciated, rather benefits of the company are noticed by the managers primarily (Raoufi, Fayek Gellatly, 2016). Crew is feeling that their voice is expandable within the organisation and they cannot relate themselves as an irreplaceable part of the organisation. S.W.O.T. Analysis: S.W.O.T. analysis can be performed on Tims organisation through which the problems within the organisation can be analysed and pathway for solutions can be achieved. Main strength of the organisation is Tims resilience to solve the problems at any cost. Tim has identified the problems within the organisation before it becomes too late. In order to solve the problems Tim has requested for expert advices and to obtain solutions for the problems and specifically has taken care that firing an employee does not become a primary solution (Kersley et al., 2013). Weaknesses of the organisation are the issues that have developed within the employees especially within crew members. Lack of communication, hiding issues frommanagement and constant development of war-like situation within the organisation are the weaknesses of Tims organisation (Kacmar et al., 2013). Opportunity is the arrival of experts opinion in order to solve the various issues. Intervention of outside party has provided Tim with a support system to plan the intervention. The suggestion has been given to form a three staged intervention plan that contains the sessions where an employee can identify their worst experiences, can describe the effects of those experiences and can tell about the communication and authority involvement to compensate those experiences (Noon, Blyton Morrell, 2013). Threats are visible before and after the intervention session in the organisation. Major threat is collapse of the organisation due to the conflicts between different groups of employees and the authority (Schultz et al., 2017). During the intervention plan most of the employees remain non-communicative as they have the fear that their feedback will cost them their job. It explains that crew members does not possess any trust in themanagement and that can be potential reason for resignation. 1. Tims question is pretty much fundamental in this case. After the intervention plan it is very necessary to get the feedback of the intervention plan developer. The intervention has been majorly focused on the problems of crew members (Poell Van Der Krogt, 2017). After the completion of the intervention process a list of issues have been developed which is appreciated by the crew members. Following the responses, Tims question can be answered appropriately. The crew members have finally found their voices and have raised every issue that they are facing either from a long time or from a short time (Aikens et al., 2014). I would tell that management needs to be more focused about the psychological conditions of the employees. Firing cannot be a solution of these problems. All the crew members of this organisation were working for long time like Bob, Tom and others. Due to several hurt feelings and bad experiences the crew members have bonded together in such a way that their trust is captivated inside that group. Management need to ease the situation by talking to each group of crew members and find the roots of their problems and solve it (Unsworth, Dmitrieva Adriasola, 2013). I will tell Tim that crew members will now respond to the management because the intervention program has impacted them well enough as they let out their bad feelings (Parumasur, 2012). It will be good to follow up the success of the intervention program step by step for the structural balance of the organisation. Tims total concern is based on the welfare of his organisation. The philosophical and behavioural dispute among the employees are causing structural dispute inside the organisation and hampering its productivity (Dixon Dixon, 2017). Tim will respond positively to the prior solution. The intervention program is a success as he finally came to know about the real problems among the crew members. He will tell that firing cannot be a primary prospect in solving those solutions as these employees are responsible for the productivity of the company till today. However, loosing respect among one of the employee group will affect my reputation. Therefore, there will be a solid requirement to stretch this intervention program among the assessors as it will also give a clear description about their issues and it will help them understand the decisions and planning those have been made in case of the crew members (Hodges, 2017). Chucks response will be a different one. From the starting he was looking to solve these problems by firing the crew members who were the roots of these disputes. The intervention process has achieved its success but Chuck thinks that it is a failure because ultimately Tim will lose his respect among the assessors (Tziner, Chernyak-Hai, 2012). He will tell management does not need to be restructured as the problem resides among the thoughts of crew members. Therefore, looking at their issues individually is nothing more than a loss of the time of the organisation. The organisation can replace those employees by hiring new ones those can strictly follow the orders of management and do not raise any issue. 3. Assessors: From the study it has been clearly seen that the assessors and the crew members are the internal enemy of each others. The main reasons behind these issues are absence of a well defined goal and clear knowledge of external enemy (Dorssemont, Lrcher Schmann, 2013). Crew concerns do not matter for the assessors, as from their viewpoint there are no reason for the crew members to misbehave with them. They will respond that the decision making of the management is perfect. The abusive behaviour of crew members are intolerable and the whole group should be fired. Inspectors: Relation between inspectors and crew members has not worsened as much as it did for the assessors. The inspectors will respond in a way that crew members should be given a chance to rectify their behaviours. Management should hear their concerns for once and decide the relevance of the issues mentioned by the crew. Tim: In the meeting of next Monday, Tim will try to resolve the issues between crew members and assessors. The issue of lack of trust can be solved by explaining the decision making process to the crew and associating them with a few ones those are necessary. He will propose a face to face meeting between the crew members and the assessors to build a well defined goal. Chuck: On Monday, Chuck will press the issue that management needs to sort out the crew members those are expendables and fire them immediately in order to save the time and money of the organisation. He will respond that Tim should focus more on his reputation among the assessors than the crew members. He will say that bit is not necessary to hold a meeting among the employees of the organisation. Conclusion: Therefore, concluding the report, it can be said that an organisation can only be run properly when it contains a stable employment relationship among the employees. If there is dispute among various groups of employees then ultimately the productivity of the organisation hampers. In this case of Tims organisation, both the assessors and crew members are important for the success of the organisation. Firing any group of employees will not be a good prospect for the organisation. The intervention program for crew members however has become a success. Therefore Tim along with other experts is looking to continue this program in order to solve the issues among the employees of the organisation. References: Aikens, K. A., Astin, J., Pelletier, K. R., Levanovich, K., Baase, C. M., Park, Y. Y., Bodnar, C. M. (2014). Mindfulness goes to work: Impact of an online workplace intervention.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,56(7), 721-731. Anderson, D. L. (Ed.). (2017).Cases and Exercises in Organization Development Change. Sage Publications. Bansal, A. (2015). Understanding the integration mechanisms practiced during organizational change: evidence from five M A transactions.Journal of Organizational Change Management,28(6), 929-947. Dixon, N., Dixon, N. (2017). Learning together and working apart: routines for organizational learning in virtual teams.The Learning Organization,24(3), 138-149. Dorssemont, F., Lrcher, K., Schmann, I. (Eds.). (2013).The European Convention on Human Rights and the employment relation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Hodges, J. (2017).Consultancy, Organizational Development and Change: A Practical Guide to Delivering Value. Kogan Page Publishers. Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Harris, K. J., Tepper, B. J. (2013). Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes: The mediating role of organizational politics and the moderating role of political skill.Journal of Business Ethics,115(1), 33-44. Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, G., Oxenbridge, S. (2013).Inside the workplace: findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Routledge. Noon, M., Blyton, P., Morrell, K. (2013).The realities of work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society. Palgrave Macmillan. Parumasur, S. B. (2012). The effect of organisational context on organisational development (OD) interventions.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,38(1), 1-12. Poell, R. F., Van Der Krogt, F. (2017). Why is organizing human resource development so problematic? Perspectives from the learning-network theory (Part I).The Learning Organization,24(3). Raoufi, M., Fayek, A. R., Gellatly, I. R. (2016). A Fuzzy Aggregation Method for Measuring Construction Crew Motivation. InConstruction Research Congress 2016(pp. 1782-1792). Schultz, J. S., Schultz, J. S., Sjvold, E., Sjvold, E., Andre, B., Andre, B. (2017). Can group climate explain innovative readiness for change?.Journal of Organizational Change Management,30(3), 440-452. Tziner, A., Chernyak-Hai, L. (2012). Perspectives on groups and work teams in the workplace.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,28(1). Unsworth, K. L., Dmitrieva, A., Adriasola, E. (2013). Changing behaviour: Increasing the effectiveness of workplace interventions in creating pro?environmental behaviour change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), 211-229.

Cockroaches and Health Essays - Bacteriology, Bacterial Diseases

General Purpose: To inform about a new discovery. Specific Purpose Statement: To inform the audience about the health benefits of cockroaches. Organizational Pattern: Topical Thesis: Molecules in the brains of cockroaches and locusts are being tested and succeeding in the treatment of bacterial infections. Introduction I.Attention Getter: An average of 18,000 people around the world die from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) each year (Webb, 2008). About 73,000 people are infected with E. Coli each year (Center for Disease Control, 2006). That is nearly equal to triple Purdue?s entire student campus dying of becoming infected each year. A new study shows molecules from cockroaches and locust brains can kill 90% of these and other superbugs (France-Presse, 2010). II.Relevance Statement: Every year or every few years, the doctor gives everyone shots to prevent infections from bacteria. Most of you do not know what is in the different types of antibiotics used to treat or prevent infections. Soon, some of your medications may include parts of brains from cockroaches and locust. III.Credibility Statement: Since fall is now upon us, flu and other seasonal sickness come with it. I conducted some research on ways to prevent catching microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics, better known as ?superbugs?. IV.Thesis Statement: Molecules in the brains of cockroaches and locusts are being tested and succeeding in the treatment of bacterial infections. Directional Transition: I will begin by describing the study done in this new field of medicine. Body I. According to a September 2010 article published in New Scientist, extracts from the brains of locust and cockroaches can kill microorganisms which are antibiotic resistant, known as ?superbugs.? A.Various molecules from within the insect?s brains were used to fight bacteria. i.Nine distinct chemical extracts from locust brains killed Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) (Coghlan, 2010). ii.Seven other distinct chemical extracts killed Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Coghlan, 2010). B.It is suspected the proteins in cockroach and locust brains are the reasoning for the resistance against the pathogens (Society for General Microbiology, 2010). i.Other parts of cockroaches and locust were tested, such as fat, muscle, and fluids within the body, but brain molecules were all that killed the bacterial infections (Society for General Microbiology, 2010). ii.Shark skin and other animals have also been tested; however, none were as successful (Society for General Microbiology, 2010). Directional Transition: Now that I have described the research, I will explain why these insects specifically are being used. II.Scientists have reasoning for picking the cockroach and locust as possibilities for treatments against bacteria and other pathogens. A.Locust and cockroaches live in an environment which would be very unhealthy to humans (France-Presse, 2010). i.Due to their unusual living conditions, cockroaches and locusts naturally produce own germ killers (Allen, 2010). B.Locust and cockroaches brains are their most vital organ and it must be protected at all times because if the nervous system fails the cockroach or locust will die. i.Destruction of their brains is their only death, since other limbs can grow back (Rutherford, 2010). ii.Their need for protection led scientist to believe they have something in their brains which can fight off microorganisms (Rutherford, 2010). Directional Transition: Now that I have explained why these insects are being used, I will discuss the benefits of cockroach and locust brain molecules to conventional antibiotics. III.The cockroach and locust brains being used for medication have many advantages to the original antibiotics. A.A diluted amount of molecules were used in test trials. i.90% kill rate which beats how comparable antibiotics because current antibiotics weaken bacteria and force body to fight it off (France-Presse, 2010) ii.A very lose dose was used to achieve such a high kill rate, an advantage over repetitive and high doses that are occasionally used now (Rutherford, 2010). B.In the test done, little harm or side effects were noticed. i.There were no toxic effects were seen on human brain cells. ii.All side effects are unknown due to the study being in its early stages. Directional Transition: I have now discussed the benefits, reasoning for use, and research behind the use of cockroach and locust brains being used as an antibiotic. Conclusion I.Restatement of Thesis: Molecules in the brains of cockroaches and locusts are being tested and succeeding in the treatment of bacterial infections. II.Clincher: In a few years the antibiotics you receive at your doctor visit might not be just a long name of molecules

Blakes Use of Poetry as an Attack on the Hypocrisy of Church and the Wider Establishment That Maintains Poverty Essays

Blakes Use of Poetry as an Attack on the Hypocrisy of Church and the Wider Establishment That Maintains Poverty Essays Blakes Use of Poetry as an Attack on the Hypocrisy of Church and the Wider Establishment That Maintains Poverty Paper Blakes Use of Poetry as an Attack on the Hypocrisy of Church and the Wider Establishment That Maintains Poverty Paper Romanticism was an early and artistic way of looking at things which ended with the Victorian age. Romantic’s supported freedom of thought, movement and life style and were against oppression of any kind. They saw children as the future and were against child labor and the snatching up of childhood. They also felt that all people should have rights and should be respected. William Blake was no exception to this ideology. Being born in a time of expanding industrial revolution, Blake viewed industrialization as a curse for enslaving people, and allowing their masters to treat them badly. He also had strong views on seeing children as innocent. This caused him to hate child labor and show disgust to the world he was living in. It is no wonder then, that Blake preached his romantic views in his poetry and paintings. In 1789, William Blake had his first book, Songs of Innocence, published. Five years later, he added Songs of Experience to be included in publishing the two books as one whole piece of literature. Each book is a collection of poems that conveys Blake’s theory about innocence which states that, when one is born into the world, he or she is free from sin; but after the corruption of the world taints one’s soul, he or she becomes a sinner. Blake was also a devout Christian and stressed The Old Testament over The New Testament. Blake recognized the great inequalities of society and wanted to expose them. He saw the inappropriateness of the Church and lack of moral standing, this is in relation to mistreatment of the vulnerable in society, such as chimney sweepers and orphans. William Blake, jaded as he was, was a genius and used his poetry to portray his philosophy on life. The use of children is a prominent theme in a number of Blake’s poems. In his two â€Å"Chimney Sweeper† poems, one from Songs of Innocence and one from Songs of Experience, Blake show how the 18th Century church called upon children to passively accept their lot and pray to God. From a careful reading of these two â€Å"Chimney Sweeper† poems, it is apparent that Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child, and embraces the innocence of the young. Particularly awful, in Blake’s eyes, is the way the church gets the children to accept their victimization. It is especially important to note that, in Blake’s society and in Blake’s time, there was no separation between the church and state. The church provided the religious justification for state and corporate exploitation of the poor. Thus, one can clearly see that these two â€Å"Chimney Sweeper† poems addresses the hardships that children faced which made them destined to the life of a chimney sweeper during the 18th century in London. The poems also refer to the sufferings of ALL child laborers, and can be considered as an attack on the Establishment that maintained poverty. Further, the poems reflect Blake’s political stance; he is actually attacking what he considers injustice, evil, and suffering in the world. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem from Songs of Innocence, we are introduced to a little boy who is being sold into hardship by his father after his mother died. He was poor, uneducated, and could not even speak when he was forced to sweep chimneys and sleep in soot. Similarly, in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem from Songs of Experience, we are introduced to a boy who is facing hardship because his parents are unable to see his pain, since they are busy praying for themselves in church. The similarities shared between these two poems are ingenious when combined with the differences. For example, Blake uses the word â€Å"weep† in each of the poems to illustrate immaturity. The speaker in each poem is very young; but the speaker in the Songs of Innocence version is too young to pronounce the word â€Å"sweep† (hence â€Å"’weep†), and in the Songs of Experience version, the speaker is actually weeping. The Chimney Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence also includes a dream in which an angel frees the orphans from their misery, whereas in the Songs of Experience version, the speaker is a young man who has relentlessly been left in his misery while his parents are at church praying. Blakes attack on the church is clearly represented by the angel figure in the â€Å"Chimney Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence. As deceptive as the church can be, the angel exemplifies the false promise of afterlife bliss. The angel claims that only if the sweeper is â€Å"a good boy† (19) he will be content and â€Å"never want of joy†. (20) Blake shows his indignation of this concept through the use of irony; â€Å"So if all do their duty they need not fear harm† (24) indicating that children should be cherished not abused, their innocence should be preserved, not exploited. Again, Blake is urging people to fight against injustice and to right some of the wrongs of society. Therefore, their injust plight should not be treated as a way to earn a pleasant afterlife. Their treatment should be viewed as abhorrent and discontinued. As is evident here, Blake always stood up for the poor and oppressed against the establishment of his time. Blake also, emphasizes an ironic connection between both naive and mischievous children with the use of heavenly, joyful images versus dark, morbid images. For example, in The Chimney Sweeper, from the Songs of Innocence, Blake describes a boy with hair that even â€Å"the soot cannot spoil† (8) as having a dream that his friends were locked inside the chimney, but â€Å"an Angel who had a bright key, / pen’d the coffins set them all free† (13-14). However, from the Songs of Experience counterpart, Blake does not capture the purity and whiteness of youth, but portrays a child as â€Å"A little black thing among the snow. † (1) It is quite sad that the chimney sweeper is not even attributed the characteristics of a child, and is just referred to as a â€Å"little black thing† (1) , showing its diminutive stance not only in stature but also in society. Class distinction is depicted in both â€Å"Chimney Sweepers† poems. As the speaker in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence describes his lifestyle, we can see clearly â€Å"That thousand of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, Jack† (11) are a bunch of young boys who are poor and of the same social class. Likewise, the sweeper from Songs of Experience is a poor boy, who has no family to reply on and no financial support. This puts him at a disadvantage, leaving him no choice, but to sweep chimneys â€Å"And Smil’d among the winter’s snow† (6) while he â€Å"sing the notes of woe. † (8) Blake uses these boys to illustrate how they are at a disadvantage because of their poor condition. They have no money, and no power, leaving them with no social stature as well. They are forced to work, even if it is not desirable, and they cannot complain because there is no alternative for the poor, as the saying goes: Money talks, everything else walks. More ideas about the exploitation of children by the society is evident in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem of Songs of Innocence where, the child in this poem seems to have accepted his fate and is not motivated to change his own suffering. However the child is motivated to help minimize the suffering of others, â€Å"Hush Tom, never mind it. (7) The use of the soft soothing ‘hush’ creates an image of the chimney sweeper as being old and wise beyond his years and gives him a protective, fatherly quality despite his age. Again, Blake draws our attention to the ideas of child labor, as he is motivated by seeing their suffering in the increasingly industrial world he lived in. It is worthy to note that children believe everything that is said to them, thus the child in this poem actually thinks that what he is told to do, will cause him no need to â€Å"fear harm. (24) Similarly, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in Songs of Experience develops the same situation as â€Å" The Chimney Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence collection, but it is from a different perspective. In this poem, there are clearly three different views of the sweeps situation; his own; his parents and an observer. From reading this poem it is clear that the young sweeper feels exploited that his parents are self justifying, seeking only to pacify their own consciences and that the observer feels both pity and outrage. In the very manner that Blake explores issues of child exploitation and selling in the â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† of Songs of Innocence, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† of Songs of Experience does the same, but puts more emphasis on the responsibility of the parents in putting their child in such a position of vulnerability. Through the eyes of children, Blake does not convey parents as a part of a family that raises their children with love and care, but as a group of individuals who mindlessly partake in their religious devotion by â€Å"going up to church to pray† (4). Parents here want to save their own souls, but don’t care about the damning of their child to a short life of misery. Within this poem is an example of people who are obviously not motivated by human suffering, as the child’s parents ignore the feelings of their child, â€Å"and because I am happy and dance and sing/ they think they have done me no injury. † (9-10) Here, Blake has characterized the child through typical infantile verbs â€Å"dance and sing† (9) although, this is contrasted by the feelings of the child which are masked by its actions. A point is also made by Blake about the role of the church in such social issues and, how organized religion plays a major role in the actions of people. Blake shows us how the organized church encourages parents to act upon the evident suffering of their child and the children around them in society, when they allow the parents to come inside its building to pray when they should be protecting their child from all harm. Finally Blake is emphasizing to the reader once more those who are responsible for the childs pain and sorrows. Blake also laments on how religion can be so powerful to motivate an individual to bear difficulties. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem from Songs of Innocence, the boy believes in a â€Å"God for his father† (20) who observes and counts every singles act. He has faith which is spoiled by the institution of capitalism, which works as a repressive ideology to motivate the boy to be a passive good worker. The boy should only be concerned with doing his duty and nothing else. This is hidden from the boy, as he can just see the shinning bright â€Å"Sun† (16) and â€Å"the angel who had a bright key† (13) in his dream. The boy does what the angel has asked; to be a good worker, therefore, he will â€Å"never want joy. † (20) Having nothing else in life, the boy keeps his faith, but this dream keeps him away from the awareness of his socioeconomic oppression and, in turn guarantees the future of beneficial oppressors. Furthermore, Blake goes on to make yet another, contrast between innocence and experience when the chimney sweeper of Songs of Experience says, â€Å"they clothe me in the clothes of death† (7) indicating that when the child is naked, he is innocent, and since they clothed him they are forcing him into experience. However, the church does not care about the young boys, since they make themselves a â€Å"heaven† (12) out of the â€Å"misery† (12) of these little boys. In conclusion, it is evident that living in a world without media and technological advances, William Blake was able to use his poetry as a powerful tool for social comment. This is particularly evident in his two same name poems: â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper. † Like all of the poems in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, Blake was able to use these two poems to attack the hypocrisy of the Church and of the wider Establishment that maintained poverty. He was very successful in bringing the world before his readers as raw and unmasked. By depicting the awful condition and future of the boys in both poems, Blake was able to condemn the capitalist society of his time. He was also able to show us the misuse of power in religious beliefs and activities. Throughout his poems, it is clear that the church is the oppressor that invites capitalism to society. These poems can be read in today’s light where oppression is very much present. Once and for all, Blake was inviting society to take a stand against the degradation of our land and our people. A timeless invitation indeed! : Blake, William. â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper. † English Romantic Writers. Ed. David Perkins. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1967. 54. Print. Blake, William. â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper. † English Romantic Writers. Ed. David Perkins. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1967. 65. Print. Ellis, John Edwin and Yeats, W. B. eds. , The Works of William Blake, Poetic, Symbolic, and Critical, 3 vols. (London: B. Quaritch, 1893)

Children Education through Playing Research Paper

Children Education through Playing - Research Paper Example There are a number of ways that educators could effectively use play in teaching children. Â  Since games allow students to think individually, then innovativeness is one of the most effective ways of teaching children by using play. Allowing students to take part in a game during the learning process allows them to be innovative in their thinking. This not only expands their thinking capacity, it also leads to a high level of creativity. The more students engage in play, the more they become innovative while developing ways and means of succeeding in the game. The outcome improves the knowledge of the child, which helps in improving their performance standards (Sandford, et al., 2006). Â  The building plays collaboratively between the teachers and their students is another way in which teachers could use play in teaching their students. Building a model together in class engages the students, making learning more fun and entertaining. This also improves the socialization between educators and their students in the class. Due to personal or domestic problems, some students find it hard to cope with others in the class. This contributes to a high number of shy cases among the students. However, shy people show tremendous improvement whenever engaging with their teammates during a game. This helps them overcome their shy nature. Â  Using music is an example of how educators can effectively teach their students. According to Jarvis (2002), music affects students directly. The fact that music leads students into the world of fantasy and imagination significantly contributes to the increase in their cognitive ability, and thus remembering more. The importance of music is evident from the effectiveness of the use of music between public and private schools.

Littering the side of the street Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Littering the side of the street - Assignment Example Additionally, trash may harbor diseases, which can be passed to animals eating it. Also, litter may attract other litter since it tells people to continue dumping litter in the same place. Moreover, litter may turn out to be a fire hazard. Furthermore, apart from littering being bad, it just looks disgusting (â€Å"JB Green Team†). Cigarette butts are considered the main source of litter (â€Å"Keep America Beautiful†). Despite being small, they are very dangerous. Cigarette butts have harmful chemicals such as arsenic that contaminates both soil and water. Cigarette butts are also a potential fire hazard (â€Å"JB Green Team†). It simply means that cigarettes can now not only harm us when we smoke it, but even when we do not smoke it. Generally, litter prevention starts with an individual. As an individual minimizing litter may be easy, however it requires vigilance. For beginners, never throw trash from your  car, and always ensure that you tightly seal the household garbage bins so that animals do not get the contents. Also, never forget your garbage upon leaving a public space such as a park. If you smoke then consider quitting bearing in mind the impacts that cigarettes have on the environment. Furthermore, if the roadway to your home is like an asylum for litter, volunteer for a cleanup. â€Å"Litter in America: Results from the Nation’s Largest Litter Study.† Keep America Beautiful, Inc. 2010. Web. 19th April 2015.

Normal Approximation in R-code

Normal Approximation in R-code Normal approximation using R-code Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine when it is more desirable to approximate a discrete distribution with a normal distribution. Particularly, it is more convenient to replace the binomial distribution with the normal when certain conditions are met. Remember, though, that the binomial distribution is discrete, while the normal distribution is continuous. The aim of this study is also to have an overview on how normal distribution can also be concerned and applicable in the approximation of Poisson distribution. The common reason for these phenomenon depends on the notion of a sampling distribution. I also provide an overview on how Binomial probabilities can be easily calculated by using a very straightforward formula to find the binomial coefficient. Unfortunately, due to the factorials in the formula, it can easily lead into computational difficulties with the binomial formula. The solution is that normal approximation allows us to bypass any of these problems. Introduction The shape of the binomial distribution changes considerably according to its parameters, n and p. If the parameter p, the probability of â€Å"success† (or a defective item or a failure) in a single experimental, is sufficiently small (or if q = 1 – p is adequately small), the distribution is usually asymmetrical. Alternatively, if p is sufficiently close enough to 0.5 and n is sufficiently large, the binomial distribution can be approximated using the normal distribution. Under these conditions the binomial distribution is approximately symmetrical and inclines toward a bell shape. A binomial distribution with very small p (or p very close to 1) can be approximated by a normal distribution if n is very large. If n is large enough, sometimes both the normal approximation and the Poisson approximation are applicable. In that case, use of the normal approximation is generally preferable since it allows easy calculation of cumulative probabilities using tables or other tec hnology. When dealing with extremely large samples, it becomes very tedious to calculate certain probabilities. In such circumstances, using the normal distribution to approximate the exact probabilities of success is more applicable or otherwise it would have been achieved through laborious computations. For n sufficiently large (say n > 20) and p not too close to zero or 1 (say 0.05 To find the binomial probabilities, this can be used as follows: If X ~ binomial (n,p) where n > 20 and 0.05 So is approximately N(0,1). R programming will be used for calculating probabilities associated with the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. Using R code, it will enable me to test the input and model the output in terms of graph. The system requirement for R is to be provided an operating system platform to be able to perform any calculation. Firstly, we are going to proceed by considering the conditions under which the discrete distribution inclines towards a normal distribution. Generating a set of the discrete distribution so that it inclines towards a bell shape. Or simply using R by just specifying the size needed. And lastly compare the generated distribution with the target normal distribution Normal approximation of binomial probabilities Let X ~ BINOM(100, 0.4). Using R to compute Q = P(35 X ≠¤ 45) = P(35.5 X ≠¤ 45.5): > diff(pbinom(c(45,35), 100, .4)) [1] -0.6894402 Whether it is for theoretical or practical purposes, Using Central Limit Theorem is more convenient to approximate the binomial probabilities. When n is large and (np/q, nq/p) > 3, where q = 1 – p The CLT states that, for situations where n is large, Y ~ BINOM(n, p) is approximately NORM(ÃŽ ¼ = np, ÏÆ' = [np(1 – p)]1/2). Hence, using the first expression Q = P(35 X ≠¤ 45) The approximation results as follows: l ÃŽ ¦(1.0206) – ÃŽ ¦(–1.0206) = 0.6926 Correction for continuity adjustment will be used in order for a continuous distribution to approximate a discrete. Recall that a random variable can take all real values within a range or interval while a discrete random variable can take on only specified values. Thus, using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial, more precise approximations of the probabilities are obtained. After applying the continuity correction to Q = P(35.5 X ≠¤ 45.5), it results to: ÃŽ ¦(1.1227) – ÃŽ ¦(–0.91856) = 0.6900 We can verify the calculation using R, > pnorm(c(1.1227))-pnorm(c(-0.91856)) [1] 0.6900547 Below an alternate R code is used to plot and illustrate the normal approximation to binomial. Let X ~ BINOM(100, l4) and P(35 45) > pbinom(45, 100, .4) pbinom(35, 100, .4) [1] 0.6894402 # Normal approximation > pnorm(5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-5/sqrt(24)) [1] 0.6925658 # Applying Continuity Correction > pnorm(5.5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-4.5/sqrt(24)) [1] 0.6900506 x1=36:45 x2= c(25:35, 46:55) x1x2= seq(25, 55, by=.01) plot(x1x2, dnorm(x1x2, 40, sqrt(24)), type=l, xlab=x, ylab=Binomial Probability) lines(x2, dbinom(x2, 100, .4), type=h, col=2) lines(x1, dbinom(x1, 100, .4), type=h, lwd=2) Poisson approximation of binomial probabilities For situations in which p is very small with large n, the Poisson distribution can be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The larger the n and the smaller the p, the better is the approximation. The following formula for the Poisson model is used to approximate the binomial probabilities: A Poisson approximation can be used when n is large (n>50) and p is small (p Then X~Po(np) approximately. AN EXAMPLE The probability of a person will develop an infection even after taking a vaccine that was supposed to prevent the infection is 0.03. In a simple random sample of 200 people in a community who get vaccinated, what is the probability that six or fewer person will be infected? Solution: Let X be the random variable of the number of people being infected. X follows a binomial probability distribution with n=200 and p= 0.03. The probability of having six or less people getting infected is P (X ≠¤ 6 ) = The probability is 0.6063. Calculation can be verified using R as > sum(dbinom(0:6, 200, 0.03)) [1] 0.6063152 Or otherwise, > pbinom(6, 200, .03) [1] 0.6063152 In order to avoid such tedious calculation by hand, Poisson distribution or a normal distribution can be used to approximate the binomial probability. Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution To use Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial probabilities, we can consider that the random variable X follows a Poisson distribution with rate ÃŽ »=np= (200) (0.03) = 6. Now, we can calculate the probability of having six or fewer infections as P (X ≠¤ 6) = The results turns out to be similar as the one that has been obtained using the binomial distribution. Calculation can be verified using R, > ppois(6, lambda = 6) [1] 0.6063028 It can be clearly seen that the Poisson approximation is very close to the exact probability. The same probability can be calculated using the normal approximation. Since binomial distribution is for a discrete random variable and normal distribution for continuous, continuity correction is needed when using a normal distribution as an approximation to a discrete distribution. For large n with np>5 and nq>5, a binomial random variable X with X∠¼Bin(n,p) can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean = np and variance = npq. i.e. X∠¼N(6,5.82). The probability that there will be six or fewer cases of these incidences: P (X≠¤6) = P (z ≠¤ ) As it was mentioned earlier, correction for continuity adjustment is needed. So, the above expression become P (X≠¤6) = P (z ≠¤ ) = P (z ≠¤ ) = P (z ≠¤ ) Using R, the probability which is 0.5821 can be obtained: > pnorm(0.2072) [1] 0.5820732 It can be noted that the approximation used is close to the exact probability 0.6063. However, the Poisson distribution gives better approximation. But for larger sample sizes, where n is closer to 300, the normal approximation is as good as the Poisson approximation. The normal approximation to the Poisson distribution The normal distribution can also be used as an approximation to the Poisson distribution whenever the parameter ÃŽ » is large When ÃŽ » is large (say ÃŽ »>15), the normal distribution can be used as an approximation where X~N(ÃŽ », ÃŽ ») Here also a continuity correction is needed, since a continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete one. Example A radioactive disintegration gives counts that follow a Poisson distribution with a mean count of 25 per second. Find probability that in a one-second interval the count is between 23 and 27 inclusive. Solution: Let X be the radioactive count in one-second interval, X~Po(25) Using normal approximation, X~N(25,25) P(23≠¤x≠¤27) =P(22.5 =P ( ) =P (-0.5 =0.383 (3 d.p) Using R: > pnorm(c(0.5))-pnorm(c(-0.5)) [1] 0.3829249 In this study it has been concluded that when using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution, a more accurate approximations was obtained. Moreover, it turns out that as n gets larger, the Binomial distribution looks increasingly like the Normal distribution. The normal approximation to the binomial distribution is, in fact, a special case of a more general phenomenon. The importance of employing a correction for continuity adjustment has also been investigated. It has also been viewed that using R programming, more accurate outcome of the distribution are obtained. Furthermore a number of examples has also been analyzed in order to have a better perspective on the normal approximation. Using normal distribution as an approximation can be useful, however if these conditions are not met then the approximation may not be that good in estimating the probabilities.

ALDI Business expansion through training and development Essay

Aldi (short for Albrecht Discounts) is a globally operating and expanding discount retailer with over 8,000 stores all over the world. The company was founded in 1913 in Germany by two brothers. In 1960 the former Albrecht KG was separated in Aldi Sued and Aldi Nord. The headquarters are located in Essen (Aldi Nord) and Mà ¼lheim an der Ruhr (Aldi Sued). Both companies still have a friendly relation and use the same brands occasionally but operate independently. Aldi Nord operates in Denmark, the Benelux countries, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Poland. Aldi Sued makes its business transactions in countries including Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, USA and Australia. In Austria and Slovenia Aldi is represented by Hofer KG. Overall Aldi is one of the world’s biggest grocery chains. The sales strategy is well known as they offer the opportunity to buy cheap and good/fresh food. The main focus is on key markets in Europe, North Am erica and Australia. Store layouts are simple and opening hours focus especially on the busiest times of the day. The retailer is a specialist in food, beverage and household items but within the years the portfolio was extended. The company acts now among other things for example, as travel agency. Many of the offered products are own brands. The number of other brands is limited to a maximum of two for an item. Therefore it is possible to keep the shops smaller and to sell a larger quantity of a specific brand. The slogan â€Å"Spend a little, live a lot† reflects the strategy of Aldi. In a nutshell to keep prices low they are not taking effort on presenting their variety of goods. Worldwide main competitors of Aldi are Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., METRO AG and Lidl Dienstleistung GmbH & Co. KG. Particular Austrian competitors are Zielpunkt, Norma and Penny. The strategy of the mentioned chains is similar. They are all driving their main business in the food industry as they are primarily competing on price in order to increase their market share. Main customers are bigger families, housewifely people and people with less income. The marketing mix of every business is different. Aldi focusses on providing high quality products that are cheaper alternatives to famous brands. Moreover, the advertising strategy is very simple and cost saving. Apart from a weekly newsletter of  special offers Aldi is not advertising at all. Primarily this low price grocery chains arose due to the increasing population and economic challenges. Therefore it was necessary to construct bigger plants which resulted in fewer and larger firms. This had a negative effect on farmer’s return and all of a sudden people started to concern about the products they were consuming. Aldi was very hard affected by these changes and implemented sustainable products. Now they offer especially in the diary product sector regional goods. Certainly important to mention is the simple organization structure of Aldi. The very flat management hierarchy allows leaders to get their people known. At Aldi managers should be open for new ideas, improvements and it is common to involve all employees in decision making. They represent a philosophy of promoting and supporting talents within the organization. Consequently the performance of each employee is recognized easier. As the responsibility is increasing within promotions it is essential to support a transparent and effective decision making system. Subsequent the discretion of the Aldi organizational chart. On the very top of the management is the Vice President followed by several Directors like Director of Warehousing & Transportation and Director of Administration. The District Managers are directly reporting to the Director of Operations and are leading the individual Store Management Teams. The number of Store Employees is based on the frequency of customer visits. Worth to mention is also financial situation. The revenue of Aldi was not published until 2000. Since 2001, Aldi Nord publishes its numbers in the Federal Gazette. Sales in Germany in 2010 amounted to 22.5 billion euros. Furthermore the worldwide turnover was 52.8 billion euros. Aldi Nord and Aldi Sued are completely family owned. The capital is very solid and Aldi has no liabilities. Aldi Nord owns all logistic centers. Leased objects are increasingly replaced by own objects. Aldi Sued also owns almost all buildings and land but had to borrow money for further expansion properties. So they left the path of total independence. The return on sales constitutes between 3 and 3.7 % in 2010. The core values and principles that the brothers founded are still important for decision making today. These are presented from the management team as follows: Consistency – leads to reliability. We mean what we say. We are consistent in our dealings with  people, product, price and all other aspects of our day to day professional life. Simplicity – creates efficiency, clarity and clear orientation within our organization as well as for our customers. Responsibility – stands for our commitment towards our people, customers, partners and the environment. It also includes principles such as fairness, honesty, openness, service orientation and friendliness. Aldi places great emphasis in efficient human resource development. In the daily sales business they try to keep everything simple and cheap. This can only be realized with an increase of company’s performance. Furthermore it demonstrates how the training and development program ensures that their employees have the required skills. First of all the goal is to identify training needs in order to be prepar ed for the future. It is mandatory to plan both, the number of workers and specific skills and requirements. The company can then recruit new staff and is furthermore able to ensure that training and development programs are ready when needed. Training needs are identified through constant monitoring of the company’s performance. Aldi expands rapidly and therefore it is necessary to recruit more than 4,000 people within the next 12 months. Therefore the retailer follows the strategy to offer industry-leading salaries to make sure that they also attract the best candidates. Clear and detailed job descriptions help the Human Resource Department to find people with the right set of skills and competencies. Moreover there is process of interview and assessment where managers will find out if the applying person fits. After the most suitable candidate is recruited the training period starts. Depending on the position different trainee programs are offered. For example as a district manager you have to participate in a nearly one-year long training. This program is divided into several different phases where knowledge and skills are being strengthened. Furthermore the new recruits learn about the philosophy of Aldi and its expectations of them to make them feel part of the family. The training and development continues throughout the career with internal and external training seminars. Besides the effect of higher business efficiency training can enhance and motivate staff. Promotions are quite encouraging as personal growth and development is very much appreciated and supported. On the one side Aldi expects an immediate contribution to the business but on the other side they provide special trainings to help developing their careers within the company. Over  85% of Aldi Directors are recruited within the company. They start after school or college and work themselves u p into the general management. Additionally, they offer also an international Expatriate program. This is especially for experienced District Managers who want to learn more about the business in an entirely different culture. Aldi is looking for individuals who are willing to develop themselves further. What is more is that Aldi offers an internship of 10 weeks. During this period interns are given real responsibilities and they have the opportunity to show their competencies and skills. This work placement is for students in undergraduate or graduate programs and is well paid. Internships are very common in such big companies as they offer options for both, the company and the intern. The company has the chance to test the employee for a few weeks and can then decide to offer high potentials a permanent position. However, this is also an advantage for temporary employees because they do not have to sign a permanent contract. Furthermore, Aldi uses on-the-job trainings to continue the training of the employees. T his form of education is taking place in the working environment. Skills are improved by dealing with daily challenges and employees get the chance to learn through re-equipment and materials. Another advantage is that feedback is given right after the accomplishment of the task. Besides also Aldi benefits by saving costs as they don not lose working time and a specific training is although provided. In a nutshell, on-the-job training is very economical. There are four different forms of providing on-the-job trainings: Coaching: The trainee will be trained by a senior employee. These coaches are providing instructions to the trainees to improve their knowledge about the daily work processes. Even though coaching is often used wrongly as a synonym for mentoring. Mentoring: Is characterized by a strong communication between the trainee and the mentor. The main role of a mentors is to guide and help the trainee. Additionally communication. Compared to coaching the relationship of these two parties is more personal. Job rotation: Means that employees are moved within different positions just for a planned period of time. As a result they should be able to gain a wider variety of knowledge and learn about the processes in other departments. „Sitting next to Nellieâ€Å": Is a training very special technique where skills are provided by working alongside to a colleague. This method is very popular. It shows much more  efficiently than reading or studying a written documentation. At Aldi the training follows the principle â€Å"tell, show, do†. First of all the process is explained by the manager followed by a demonstration. Subsequently the trainee has to conduct the task and the manager observes. All kind of positions follow this structure. Prospective area managers get the possibility to become acquainted with different departments. Thus the trainees understand how each department and processes relates to each other. In the trainee period of one year they are supported from an area manager and they get the possibility to represent the branch manager for four to six weeks. In addition to on-the-job trainings Aldi provides off-the-job trainings as well. As indicated, these trainings are taking place away from work. Whereas on-the-job training is very specific, off-the-job training transfers more general skills which are transferable and therefore can be used in many parts of the company. Aldi uses this kind of development for courses covering: Hiring Techniques: Recruitment, interviewing and selection Employment law Influencing skills Performance reviews (appraisals) Aldi Management System (how to develop and performance manage people) Off-the-job training shows positive outcomes like motivated staff and greater staff productivity. Moreover it provides employees with better skills and Aldi profits from improved customer service. Beside these positive aspects it must be admitted that off-the-job training creates higher payroll costs. These additional costs are shown in payments for the trainings organization, the training itself and absenteeism which has to be covered from other employees. Aldi decides whether on-the-job or off-the-job training is more suitable for the given aspect of training. In general the different internal and external training seminars accompany employees through their whole career. Aldi defines learning and growth as a career-long process where there is always an opportunity for more. An example for the combination of internal and external training is Aldi’s apprentice scheme. Beside the regular apprenticeship the trainees are studying for an NVQ (national vocational qualification) in Retail Apprenticeship. When the traineeship ends after 3 years the apprentices  gained Level 3 – advanced qualification. Due to the growth of Aldi, trainees have good opportunities to be promoted. Fully trained have the possibility to acquire a position as a deputy manager or assistant store manager. The next step on their career ladder is to become a store manager. All these forms of training provide employees with work-related knowledge and skills that are needed to carry out their jobs. Besides on-the-job and off-the-job training there is another possibility to educate the employees of a company. Development is similar to training as it supports personal growth and improves skills which are directly related to the job. Furthermore, employees gain qualifications and which results in a higher value in the job market. At first glance it looks as if companies do not benefit from development, but they do in every way. Beyond employees can be used more flexible. Additionally they are able to take over more responsibility. Moreover, people are considered to be an important member of the business. Hence, the company cares about the performance and capabilities of employees, which enhances motivation. Aldi is greatly aware that further development of employees increases the change of losing high potentials. Due to better knowledge people are more likely to leave as other companies often promise better career objectives. Nevertheless Aldi is conscious of this risk but in order to remain competitive they prefer to invest in human capital. As this food retailer has a lot of subsidiaries it is possible to offer its employees relocation to different international countries. This helps to develop all-round expert ise and motivation. At first, strengths and weaknesses of each employee need to be identified. Next step is to help them to improve their skills. To support this process Aldi launched an appraisal form. In this special system the manager and the employee evaluate the past and current performance. According to this process it is easier to decide which development is necessary or useful for the individual. A very important procedure is also the personal goal setting. At Aldi managers and employees work very close together to find the right targets. The discounter also tries to attract especially university students. Students have the possibility to prove their theoretical knowledge during a one year long working experience. They enjoy the first time to be part of a company. Moreover Aldi benefits greatly from this system. If the students are doing well they usually get a permanent job offer. In this  case no further recruiting process is needed and subsequent time and money can be saved. In a nutshell Aldi puts great emphasis on training and development. Even though the company does not have a human resource department, it is rewarded with number 6 in â€Å"The Times Top 100 Graduate Employers 2013†. 85% of all directors have been recruited within the company this shows that the firm has a strong policy for internal recruitment. So promotion is permitted to every employee. Another factor of success is that staff is recruited from schools or colleges. The appropriate on- or off-the-job training guarantees that recruits are well-trained and lays the foundation of the employees’ careers. The retailer’s global competitor Wal-Mart has a similar training and development strategy. Wal-Mart uses a training and development system inspired by Nike. The difference to Aldi is the e-training process, which is a web-based training concentrating on selling skills and product knowledge. Besides all these positive aspects some valuations of former employees on the internet tell another story. Zeit online reports that discounters like Aldi are fallen into disrepute and try to clear their names as good employers with training and development offers. On the one hand former employees are largely satisfied with Aldi’s further development, but on the other hand they claim that the promised prospects for promotions and career are rare. To guarantee that every employee gets equal career development opportunities, we would suggest a development account like Fraport AG uses. Fraport is the operator of the airport Frankfurt and organizes staff development with the so called Q-Card (qualification card). The Q-Card is a credit account for further development, which gives each of the 13,000 employees the chance to redeem â‚ ¬ 600 per annum for personal development. If the development credit is not consumed, it expires on their own responsibility. All in all, Aldi has an effective way to train and develop staff. Open communication of the career prospects brings orientation for recruits and employees. The flat management hierarchy combined with career possibilities enables the staff to take over responsibility. Training ensures well-trained employees and promotion is open to all staff. In respect of staff development Aldi deservers number 6 of the 100 Graduate Employers 2013. Primarily, people associate Aldi with cheap products, but hardly anyone knows that they care about their employees especially in staff development. (2739 words) Reference List: http://www.aldi.com/?aldiurl=true https://corporate.aldi.co.uk/en/responsibility/our-people/everyone-achieving-their-best/ https://www.hofer.at/ http://www.aldi.de/